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Insular biogeography
Insular biogeography is a field within biogeography that examines the factors that affect the species richness of isolated natural communities. The theory was originally developed as island biogeography, to explain species richness of actual islands, principally oceanic. Under either name it is now used in reference to any ecosystem (present or past) that is isolated due to being surrounded by unlike ecosystems, and has been extended to mountain peaks, oases, fragmented forest, and even natural habitats isolated by human land development. The field was started in the 1960s by the ecologists Robert H. MacArthur and E. O. Wilson, who coined the term ''island biogeography'' in their theory, which attempted to predict the number of species that would exist on a newly created island.
== Definitions ==
For biogeographical purposes, an insular environment or "island" is any area of habitat suitable for a specific ecosystem, surrounded by an expanse of unsuitable habitat. While this may be a traditional island—a mass of land surrounded by water—the term may also be applied to many nontraditional "islands", such as the peaks of mountains,〔 isolated springs or lakes surrounded by desert,, and non-contiguous woodlands.〔 The concept is even applied to natural habitats surrounded by human-altered landscapes, such as expanses of grassland surrounded by highways or housing tracts, and national parks. Additionally, what is an insular for one organism may not be so for others, some organisms located on mountaintops may also be found in the valleys, while others may be restricted to the peaks.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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